Globalisation and the State. Discuss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Globalisation and the State. Discuss - Essay Example Initially, globalization seemed to be supportive towards the economic and social development of states; however, through the years the actual role of globalization has been revealed. Globalization has been introduced for supporting the interests of specific groups of people, of rich, a mission that it is aligned with the principles of neo-liberalism. The relationship between globalization and the state from a theoretical perspective is explained in this paper. Emphasis is given to neo-liberalism, a theory that it is closely related to globalization as analyzed below. The literature review developed for this study has revealed that globalization has contributed in the limitation of state’s powers and this activity has been based on the rules of neo-liberalism. The chances for the states to recover their powers seem to be limited and they are depended on the ability of governments to control the expansion of neo-liberalism worldwide. 2. Globalization and the state 2.1 Globalizat ion as a concept Globalization has been described as a process ‘of double polarization, of cultural fragmentation and of formation of transnational networks’ (Friedman 2003, p.17). In its common form, globalization can be characterized as an unfair political and economic framework. ... These networks aim to support the exchange of culture and the free movement of people, goods and capital worldwide (Westerfield and Abbink 2004). According to its supporters, globalization can highly benefit economies worldwide since it supports ‘trade liberalization, capital-labour mobility and exchange of information’ (Basu 2008, p.1). However, the relevant schemes are organized in such way that finally poor and people of low income are excluded from any benefit (Basu 2008). In this context, it can be said that globalization addresses the interests of a specific social group, the rich; the latter are the main beneficiaries of globalization’s benefits (Basu 2008). A clear example of the above case is the following: under the influence of globalization the concept of transnationalism has been promoted worldwide (Friedman 2003). Transnationalism is based on the elimination, or the limitation, of national identity and the creation of populations that represent diffe rent cultural and social ethics (Friedman 2003). However, such plans have led to the radical increase of violence worldwide (Friedman 2003), a fact that shows the inability of globalization to serve national interests and its close relation to personal interests, meaning the interests of groups of people. In other words, globalization is highly involved in activities that should be, normally, monitored and initiated by the state and not by global networks, i.e. groups of individuals who support the expansion of globalization. The relationship between globalization and the state is analytically explained in section 2.3.2 using the neo-liberalism approach. 2.2 Which are the key characteristics and the role of state? Different criteria have been used in the literature for describing

Federalism Essay Example for Free

Federalism Essay Due to the immense power of our federal government, people often argue that it is too powerful and should be lessened. Since the 1990’s there has been an effort to shift power from the federal government to the states. States’ rights have been an issue since our country was first founded, and even now we can’t seem to please everyone’s requests at equal power. This country was founded with the attempt to separate the federal government and the state government, known as federalism. The goal of federalism is to divide the power of state and federal governments, protect the rights of the state (through the 10th amendment), prevent tyranny of the majority, and have a government that is close to its people. An example of federalism would be the freeways. They are owned and operated by the states, but the federal government sets down some basic guidelines that all states must follow and also provides funding. Federalism has certain advantages to it such as, state governments have the freedom to adopt policies which may not be followed nationally or by any other state. For example, same-sex marriages are not recognized by the federal government but they are given legal status within the states of Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, etc. This is an advantage because this gives the state some freedom from the national government. If the federal government controlled every little thing that the state governments do then the states would riot out on certain polices that they do not believe in. Another advantage is division of work between the central and the regional government’s leads to optimum utilization of resources. The central government can concentrate more on international affairs and defense of the country while the provincial government can cater to the local needs. If the national government was trying to handle everything states would get pushed to the side as less important. State governments know what the state needs more than the federal government. Also, people that are elected into the state government are able to get to know the people on a more personal level that in the federal government. However, there are also disadvantages to federalism as well. An example would be that federalism does not eliminate poverty. Even in New York, there are poor neighborhoods like Harlem with a majority of black population. The reason for this may be that during policy framing, it is the intellectuals and not the masses who are invited by the local government. These intellectuals may not understand the local needs properly and thus, policies might not yield good results. Sometimes there can be overlapping of work and subsequent confusion regarding who is responsible for what. For example, when hurricane Katrina hit Greater New Orleans, in 2005, there was delay in the rescue work as there was confusion between the state governments and the federal government on who is responsible for which disaster management work. This resulted in the loss of many lives. â€Å"I do believe people should have to work or get an education while receiving benefits. Nobody should get to get a free ride through life! Nobody pays my way through life. I have to work for what I get. That quote is the word of a twenty-two year-old female who holds down a full-time job, pays rent, and taxes. Some, like her, may feel contempt toward welfare recipients who do not work for their benefits. The welfare system is a program for citizens who need assistance, but it should be considered a privilege, not a free ride. Everyone wants-or possesses to want-to end welfare as we know it, even though the welfare system is still thriving. The new program on the market, Workfare, is a reform tactic that will get recipients into the work force and eventually off benefits. Workfare is the obligation to do unpaid work in return for welfare. This obligation is in addition to the general obligation when on welfare to seek paid employment. If a person on social assistance is considered employable then participation is required. If not placed in one of the other programs such as employment support and employment placement, the person will be required to look for work and do community service. Along with what the government is already trying to do there should also be a program that teaches people responsibility. Since the welfare system is so often abused people using the system so know how to manage money, look for employment, etc. How do we expect to get people to stop abusing the system if we don’t make them have to follow the rules? It should be if they don’t go to monthly meetings and participate then they can be kicked off. However, if it is the elderly, or mentally ill (mentally ill as in can’t function alone) then these terms shouldn’t apply. There are always certain terms to which every policy should go by, but if the welfare system continues this way then it is going to kill the country. There is not enough money going into it as there is being taken out of it. Federalism is a major part of our nation. It plays a role in everything we do, and there are certain areas in the system that needs to be addressed such as welfare, abortion, gun control, etc. If these issues are not handled they could get very out of hand. Federalism is a separation of powers which is a good and sometimes bad thing. If federal and state governments could work together life for everyone would just be so much easier.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation and QoL in Lung Cancer Patients

Pulmonary Rehabilitation and QoL in Lung Cancer Patients PULMONARY REHABILITATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN LUNG CANCER PATIENTS (Abstract):The quality of life in patients with lung cancer is determined both by factors related to the patient (stage of disease, comorbidities) and the factors related to treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy). Since the impact of treatment on survival of patients with lung canceris quite low, quality of life is a goal increasingly important. Until now, quality oflife was properly assessed in few studies and the results can be influenced by the use of non- validated methods. The most usedtools adapted for measuring the quality of life for lung cancer are the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) LC-13 questionnaire, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-L) questionnaire and the Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS). Keywords:LUNG CANCER, QUALITY OF LIFE, REHABILITATION. Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 15 %. Given the evolution of long asymptomatic lung cancer in contrast to other tumor types, it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Symptoms include cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, chest pain, weakness, loss of appetite.Therefore, treatment goals for these patients are relief of symptoms and increased overall survival [1]. Therapies that improve the survival rate are often accompanied by severe side effects. Due to the increasing number of alternative lines of therapy and treatment, the decrease differences in the clinical effectiveness and drug development costs, the importance of estimating the parameters of quality of life (QOL) increases both health and economic reasons. So little time, the inclusion of these parameters in lung cancer clinical trials was generally neglected [1-3]. During 2001-2011, there were 43 studies conducted to measure health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with lung cancer, 27 of which had as main objective HRQoL. Most publicationsillustrate the results of phase III clinical trials, 38 included patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially in stage III/IV, two studies included patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) in all stages and three studies included both patients with NSCLC and SCLC. Most studies have investigated the impact of platinum based drug combinations, 6 studies have investigated the effect of gefitinib and 2 studies concerns of erlotinib. Between the questionnaires used to assess quality of life in patients with lung cancer are mentioned questionnaire of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ C30) questionnaire, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT G) questionnaire, FACT-L (Lung) questionnaire, Lung Cancer Symptom Scale (LCSS), Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Brief Pain Index (BPI). The most commonly used is the EORTC QLQ-C30 contains 30 criteria, available in 60 languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹[4]. FACT-G questionnaire containing 27 physical elements, emotional, social, functional, available in more than 50 languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹[5] and the FACT-L is suitable for lung cancer and contains 37 items assessing quality of life [6]. Due to the homogeneity characteristics of the patients and treatment regimens, it is not possible to compare all of the studies on the HRQoL. Most studies include comparing different chemotherapy regimens did not show significant differences in HRQoL between treatment arms [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Another group of studies report cautious assumptions to improve HRQoL [15,16,17]. Only Belani et al. and Reck et al. indicates HRQoL superiority of paclitaxel or docetaxel compared with vincristine or vinorelbine/cisplatin [18,19]. Regarding EGFR inhibitors, Gelibter et al., Mu et al., And Zhang et al. been shown to improve HRQoL in patients with highly advanced NSCLC treated with gefitinib [20,21,22]. Cella et al. and Natale et al. reported improvements in HRQoL after administration of gefitinib and correlate these improvements with tumor response [23,24]. Regarding erlotinib, Lilenbaum et al. could not demonstrate significant improvement in progression-free survival, median survival and HRQoL compared to standard chemotherapy regimen [25]. Bezjak et al. HRQoL showed significant improvement, where erlotinib is administered in the second line of treatment [26]. LUX- Lung 3 study conducted on a population of patients with advanced NSCLC with EGFR mutation positive, showed an unprecedented improvement in cancer-related symptoms and increase quality of life when treated first line with afatinib, an irreversible inhibitor of the ErbB receptor family, compared to chemotherapy with pemetrexed and cisplatin, considered the standard of care in this population of patients with NSCLC [27]. Lung cancer or lung metastases often have symptoms for which palliative radiotherapy is effective [28,29] and improves or maintains quality of life, for about one-third of affected patients [30]. There are forty-three studies that are assessed in at least one arm of the study, use of palliative thoracic radiotherapy that evaluated QOL or symptoms palliation a primary or secondary. Thirty studies have evaluated the treatment of patients with NSCLC. Four studies involved patients who were treated with endobronchial brachytherapy alone or in combination with external radiotherapy. Other nine studies have evaluated the use of palliative radiotherapy in patients with lung cancer other than NSCLC histological type. Clinical trials that compared different regimens of palliative radiotherapy fractionation showed improved quality of life and survival in patients with good performance status who received high doses of radiation (TD = 30Gy/10fractions/3Gy/fraction) compared with lower doses (TD = 20Gy/5fractions/4Gy/fraction, 17Gy/2fractions, 10Gy/1fraction), which are mainly used in patients with reduced performance status and may be interspersed between the series of chemotherapy without causing delay in chemotherapy administration [31,32]. Impact of new radiotherapy techniques (IMRT intensity modulated radiotherapy, IGRT guided radiotherapy imaging) and PET -CT imaging integration in the palliative treatment of patients with pulmonary cancer is not clearly defined. Relative to the palliative role of endobronchial brachytherapy, recent analysis of 13 clinical trials concluded that external radiotherapy is superior endobronchial brachytherapy and brachytherapy added to external radiation has no advantages over external radiotherapy alone [33]. So far, not demonstrated an advantage of concomitant radio chemotherapy to sequential administration for symptoms palliation in patients with lung cancer [34,35,36,37]. First programs of pulmonary rehabilitation have been developed in The United States of America in the 1970’s .Since then, several specialists tried to define better the term of â€Å"pulmonary rehabilitation â€Å": ‘’Pulmonary rehabilitation is a multi-dimensional continuum of services directed to persons with pulmonary disease and their families, usually by an interdisciplinary team of specialists, with the goal of achieving and maintaining the individuals maximum level of independence and functioning within the community’’(1) Pulmonary rehabilitation may be defined as an art of medical practice wherein an individually tailored, multidisciplinary program is formulated which through accurate diagnosis, therapy, emotional support, and education, stabilizes or reverses both the physio and psychopathology of pulmonary diseases and attempts to return the patients to the highest possible functional capacity allowed by his pulmonary handicap and overall life situation.(2) The definition given by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR), the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) â€Å" an evidence-based, multi-disciplinary, and comprehensive intervention for patients with chronic respiratory diseases who are symptomatic and often have decreased daily life activities. Integrated into the individualized treatment of the patient, pulmonary rehabilitation is designed to reduce symptoms, optimize functional status, increase participation, and reduce health care costs through stabilizing or reversing systemic manifestations of the disease.†(3) The most recent definition Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive intervention based on a thorough patient assessment followed by patient-tailored therapies which include, but are not limited to, exercise training, education, and behavior change, designed to improve the physical and psychological condition of people with chronic respiratory disease and to promote the long-term adherence to health-enhancing behaviors.(4) To understand better the importance of these rehabilitation programs, here are some statements of some patients with pulmonary diseases: -â€Å"It can be extremely upsetting because I can’t find the breath of life that we all need.â€Å" -â€Å"My legs ached, my shoulders ached, my arms ached .I couldn’t continue with my hobbies. I lost hope completely. I literally wanted to die.† -â€Å" This is very depressing ; this makes me very anxious!â€Å" Over time pulmonary rehabilitation has been an important part in the management of COPD and of other chronic lung diseases. Rehabilitation in lung cancer has not been studied so extensively as the rehabilitation in COPD but the results from various studies indicate clearly the importance of pre and post surgery rehabilitation. Patients who had or have to go through a lung cancer surgery may have breathlessness, pain, fatigue, anxiety, poor physical condition and low quality of life.For oncology patients, pulmonary rehabilitation is not just about how the patient learns to breathe properly and respiratory muscle training, but a multitude of factors that together help the patient to support more easily the surgery or chemo-radiotherapy , to have an early recovery and to increase quality of life. Judging by the motto There are no diseases, but sick people, pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with lung cancer , also has to be personalized . It may be regarded as the tailoring of the rehabilitation programme to the patient’s needs and characteristics and also, to the evolution of his oncological disease. How pulmonary rehabilitation helps people with lung cancer? -helps the patient to carry out his daily activities -increases the quality of life helps to improve general health -decrease the number of postsurgical complications -hastens the postoperative recovery -prevents respiratory tract infections Pulmonary rehabilitation is a complex process and may include the following: Breathing techniques (diaphragmatic breathing, pursed-lip breathing) Energy conservation techniques Aerobic (to increase pulmonary capacity) Respiratory muscle strengthening techniques Nutrition tips Counseling and relaxation techniques Group therapy Before establishing a pulmonary rehabilitation program must be identified that baseline what the patient can do easily, what kind of daily activities is able to do and what kind of activities are done with difficulty. Pulmonary rehabilitation can and pre and / or post surgical. Rehabilitation period is decided by an interdisciplinary team consisting of pneumologist, oncologist and thoracic surgeon. Preoperative rehabilitation can decrease the number of postoperative complications, speed recovery and may also have an economic impact, reducing the number of days of hospitalization, postoperative morbidity. Studies have shown that postoperative rehabilitation is good to be started after about 3 or 4 months after surgery. The minimum duration of a pulmonary rehabilitation exercise program has not yet been widely established. Pulmonary rehabilitation should be taken into consideration for all the patients with lung cancer no matter what stage .Rehabilitation is beneficial for all stages of lung cancer, even for inoperable cases. Moreover, we could say that pulmonary rehabilitation is an essential aspect of the palliative measures in patients with lung cancer. Pulmonary rehabilitation also has it’s riscks, for example, it can cause arrhythmias or cardiac arrest in patients with cardiac pathology, it can cause bone lessions or muscle injuries. Education The patient must learn what he has to do to take care of himself better and to maximize quality of life. The most important thing is that the patient must practice and continue for a lifetime everything he learnt during the medical rehabilitation program conducted at the hospital. Nutrition is an important aspect of the rehabilitation programs because, in most cases, lung cancer patients already have a poor nutritional status which can be caused by the consumptive syndrome, the treatment or because of the depressive syndrome that is often encountered in patients with cancer. The effects of malnutrition in patients with lung cancer: increased fatigue vulnerability to infections -decreases compliance to treatment -delay recovery -affects quality of life Recommendations on nutrition in lung cancer: -eat frequent small portions -eat high-protein and high-calorie foods -avoid fast food and carbonated drinks -do not take vitamins without doctor recommendation use spices to get a better taste of the food -the meat will be cooked at high temperatures -no fried foods -cooking will be done in stringent conditions of cleanliness -adequate hydration, at least 2 liters of fluid per day Counseling Finding the diagnosis of malignancy, the disease and the multitude of investigations and treatments applied to patients with cancer are sources of psycho-emotional stress. Through psychological counseling, the patient finds new ways to adopt a lifestyle as healthy as it can and receives the necessary power to replace negative emotions.. Oncology patients are special patients that require special attention and support from the whole multidisciplinary team and also from their families. In the cases where palliative care is the only solution, the pulmonary rehabilitation team must prepare the patient for a dignified end. Pulmonary rehab is a chance for people with lung cancer to get help, to have a better quality life, to understand better their disease and to feel much confident.

Marc Antony’s Funeral Oration Essay -- Julius Caesar, William Shakespe

In William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, Mark Antony pleads with his â€Å"Friends, Romans (and) countrymen† to lend him their ears in an effort to exonerate Caesar from false charges laid against him. The three main conspirators in Caesar’s murder, Brutus, Casca and Cassius portrayed Caesar as an ambitious tyrant to the Roman people. After Caesar was unjustly killed by his friends and comrades, the crowd was persuaded to believe that his death was necessary for the good of the republic. However, Antony’s oration cleverly manipulates the crowd through the use of pathetic appeals, especially enargeia, into rebelling against the assassins and mourning the death of Caesar. Caesar’s untimely and unnecessary death created a unique rhetorical moment that Marc Antony seized. Bitzer states in his article â€Å"The Rhetorical Situation† that â€Å"a particular discourse comes into existence because of some specific condition or situation which invites utterance† (Bitzer 41). According to the assassins, Caesar’s murder was necessary for the good of all the Roman citizens, who unquestioningly believed Brutus’s accusations that Caesar was ambitious and unfit to govern Rome. Marc Antony used his speech to win back the citizens and unite them in grief and outrage at Caesar’s murder. One of Marc Antony’s objectives as he ascended to the pulpit was to refute the claims of Caesar’s guilt of ambition: â€Å"I thrice presented him a kingly crown, / Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition? / Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; / And, sure, he is an honourable man. / I speak not to disprove what Brutus spokeâ €  (3.2.98-102). He reminded the public that Caesar had been offered the opportunity to be crowned King of Rome three times, and each time Caesar had refused it... ...r the name of the slain leader and managed to sway public opinion from one extreme to another. His words cause the angry mob to scour the streets of Rome for anyone who took part in his murder. His pathetic appeals to his friends, Romans and countrymen incited them to become an enraged mob to avenge Caesar’s death. His words display the assassin’s malicious actions for what they were and honor the memory of Caesar. Works Cited Bitzer, Lloyd F. "The Rhetorical Situation." Philosophy and Rhetoric (1968): 39-48. Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. "Chapter 6: Ethical Proof : Arguments From Character." Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. New York: Pearson Longmann, 2004. 163-203. Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. "Chapter 7: Pathetic Proof : Passionate Appeals." Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. New York: Pearson Longmann, 2004. 205-219.

Pada umumnya siswa-siswi

Latar BelakangPada umumnya siswa-siswi dalam proses belajar mengajar, memerlukan media pembelajaran yang tepat, guna membantu proses penyampaian informasi dan ilmu secara sempurna dalam berbagai mata pelajaran yang mereka dapatkan Dari guru dan fasilitator pendidikan lainnya. Karena siswa-siswi kerap saltwort kesulitan memahami mata pelajaran yang diajarkan. Selain itu guru dan fasilitator pendidikan juga kerap saltwort menggunakan media pembelajaran bagi siswa dalam membantu merealisasikan strategi pembelajaran siswa agar materi yang disampaikan dapat dipahami oleh parity peserta didik. Seiring dengan dibutuhkannya berbagai media pembelajaran dalam setiap mata pelajaran dalam hal ini dikhususkan pada bidang studi IPS, maka banyak bermunculan berbagai jenis dan macam media pembelajaran bagi parity peserta didik. Dari yang palng sederhana dan murah hingga yang canggih dan mahal. Ada yang dapat dibuat oleh guru sendiri dan adenosine deaminase yang diproduksi pabrik. Ada yang sudah tersedia di lingkungan untuk langsung dimanfaatkan dan adenosine deaminase yang sengaja dirancang. Hal tersebut sangatlah membantu peserta didik dan guru dalam rangka penyelenggaraan pendidikan. Oleh karena itu media pembelajaran dalam hal ini mata pelajaran IPS perlu di berdayakan, agar materi IPS yang disampaikan dapat dipahami dan dipergunakan dengan semestinya guna membantu proses belajar mengajar IPS.Identifikasi MasalahBagaimana pengaruh media pembelajaran terhadap proses penyelenggaraan pendidikan?Apakah manfaat media pembelajaran IPS yakni cyberspace dalam efektivitas proses penyelenggaraan pendidikan.Pembatasan MasalahMengingat masalah dalam media pembelajaran ruang lingkupnya sangatlah luas, maka penulis membatasi masalah mengenai media pembelajaran IPS yakni cyberspace dalam proses penyelenggaraan pendidikan.Perumusan MasalahBerdasarkan pembatasan masalah diatas maka penulis merumuskan sebagai berikut: Jenis dan macam media pembelajaran IPS Manfaat Media Pembelajaran IPS yakni cyberspace dalam proses penyelenggaraan pendidikanTujuan dan Manfaat PenulisanPada faktor eksternal, untuk diketahui oleh berbagai pihak yang terkait dengan penggunaan media pembelajaran IPS Pada faktor internal, untuk dapat memenuhi tugas pada mata kuliah † Pendidikan IPS †SISTEMATIKA PENULISANUntuk memudahkan mendapatkan gambaran yang jelas mengenai tugas mata kuliah â€Å" Pendidikan IPS † ini, maka penulis melakukan sistematika penulisan secara bitter cassava besar diuraikan sebagai berikut:BAB I PENDAHULUANPada bab ini diuraikan secara singkat mengenai latar belakang masalah, identifikasi masalah, pembatasan masalah, tujuan dan manfaat penelitian, dan sistematika penelitian.BAB II PEMBAHASANDalam bab ini diuraikan Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence tugas makalah â€Å" Pendidikan IPS † ini, yakni meliputi, Jenis dan macam-macam media pembelajaran IPS serta manfaat media pembelajaran tersebut.BAB III KESIMPULAN DAN SARANDalam bab ini merupakan kesimpulan dan saran yang diuraikan pada bab-bab sebelumnya yakni pada bab pendahuluan dan pembahasanBAB IIPEMBAHASANJenis dan Macam-macam Media PembelajaranSeiring dengan meningkatnya kebutuh an akan media pembelajaran yang menjembatani antara guru dan siswa dalam penyampaian materi pembelajaran khususnya mata pelajaran IPS, maka hadirlah berbagai jenis dan macam mrdia pembelajaran. Menurut Rudy Bretz ( 1971 ) menggolongkan media pembelajaran berdasarkan tiga unsur pokok ( suara, ocular dan gerak ) :Media soundMedia cetakMedia ocular diamMedia ocular gerakMedia sound semi gerakMedia ocular semi gerakMedia audio ocular diamMedia audio ocular gerakMenurutAnderson ( 1976 ) menggolongkan menjadi 10 media pembelajaran:Audio: Kaset sound, siaran wireless, Cadmium, teleponCetak: Buku pelajaran, modul, brosur, cusp, gambarAudio-cetak: Kaset sound yang dilengkapi bahan tertulisProyeksi ocular diam: Overhead transparansi ( OHT ) , movie bingkai ( slide )Proyeksi audio ocular diam: Film bingkai slide bersuaraOcular gerak: Film bisuAudio ocular gerak: Film gerak bersuara, Video/VCD, TelevisiObyek fisik: Benda nyata, theoretical account, spesimenManusia dan lingkungan: Guru, pustakaw an, laboranKomputer: InternetSchramm ( 1985 ) menggolongkan media pembelajaran berdasarkan kompleksnya suara, yaitu: media kompleks ( movie, Television, Video/VCD, ) dan media sederhana ( slide, sound, transparansi, teks ) . Selain itu menggolongkan media berdasarkan jangkauannya, yaitu media masal ( liputannya luas dan serentak / wireless, televisi ) , media kelompok ( liputannya seluas ruangan / kaset sound, picture, OHP, slide, dll ) , media single ( untuk perorangan / buku teks, telepon, Internet ) .Henrich, dkk menggolongkan:media yang tidak diproyeksikanmedia yang diproyeksikanmedia soundmedia picturemedia berbasis komputermulti media kit.Dalam hal ini media juga diklasifikasikan menjadi media ocular, media sound, dan media audio-visual.Media VisualMedia yang tidak diproyeksikan Media realita adalah benda nyata. Benda tersebut tidak harus dihadirkan di ruang kelas, tetapi siswa dapat melihat langsung ke obyek. Kelebihan dari media realia ini adalah dapat memberikan pengalaman nyata kepada siswa. Misal untuk mempelajari keanekaragaman makhluk hidup, klasifikasi makhluk hidup, ekosistem, dan organ tanaman. Model adalah benda tiruan dalam wujud tiga dimensi yang merupakan representasi atau pengganti Dari benda yang sesungguhnya. Penggunaan theoretical account untuk mengatasi kendala tertentu sebagai pengganti realia. Misal untuk mempelajari sistem gerak, pencernaan, pernafasan, peredaran darah, sistem ekskresi, dan syaraf pada hewan. Media grafis tergolong media ocular yang menyalurkan pesan melalui simbol-simbol ocular. Fungsi dari media grafis adalah menarik perhatian, memperjelas sajian pelajaran, dan mengilustrasikan suatu fakta atau konsep yang mudah terlupakan jika hanya dilakukan melalui penjelasan verbal. Jenis-jenis media grafis adalah:Gambar / foto: picket fence umum digunakanSketsa: gambar sederhana atau bill of exchange kasar yang melukiskan bagian pokok tanpa item. Dengan sketsa dapat menarik perhatian siswa, menghindarkan verbalisme, dan memperjelas pesan. Diagram / skema: gambar sederhana yang menggunakan bitter cassava dan simbol untuk menggambarkan struktur Dari obyek tertentu secara bitter cassava besar. Misal untuk mempelajari organisasi kehidupan Dari sel samapai organisme. Bagan / chart: menyajikan ide atau konsep yang sulit sehingga lebih mudah dicerna siswa. Selain itu bagan mampu memberikan ringkasan butir-butir penting Dari penyajian. Dalam bagan sering dijumpai bentuk grafis lain, seperti: gambar, diagram, kartun, atau lambang verbal. Grafik: gambar sederhana yang menggunakan bitter cassava, titik, simbol verbal atau bentuk tertentu yang menggambarkan informations kuantitatif. Misal untuk mempelajari pertumbuhan.Media proyeksiTransparansi OHP merupakan alat Bantu mengajar tatap muka sejati, sebab tata letak ruang kelas tetap seperti biasa, guru dapat bertatap muka dengan siswa ( tanpa harus membelakangi siswa ) . Perangkat media transparansi meliputi perangkat lunak ( Overhead transparancy / OHT ) dan perangkat Keras ( Overhead projector / OHP ) . Teknik pembuatan media transparansi, yaitu:Mengambil Dari bahan cetak dengan teknik tertentuMembuat sendiri secara manualFilm bingkai / slide adalah movie transparan yang umumnya berukuran 35 millimeter dan diberi bingkai 2X2 inci. Dalam satu paket berisi beberapa movie bingkai yang terpisah satu sama lain. Manfaat movie bingkai hampir sama dengan transparansi OHP, hanya kualitas ocular yang dihasilkan lebih bagus. Sedangkan kelemahannya adalah beaya produksi dan peralat an lebih mahal serta kurang praktis. Untuk menyajikan dibutuhkan proyektor slide.Media AudioRadioRadio merupakan perlengkapan elektronik yang dapat digunakan untuk mendengarkan berita yang bagus dan aktual, dapat mengetahui beberapa kejadian dan peristiwa-peristiwa penting dan baru, masalah-masalah kehidupan dan sebagainya. Radio dapat digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran yang cukup efektif.Kaset-audioYang dibahas disini khusus kaset sound yang sering digunakan di sekolah. Keuntungannya adalah merupakan media yang ekonomis karena biaya pengadaan dan perawatan murah.Media Audio VisualMedia pictureMerupakan salat satu jenis media audio ocular, selain movie. Yang banyak dikembangkan untuk keperluan pembelajaran, biasa dikemas dalam bentuk VCD.Media komputerMedia ini memiliki semua kelebihan yang dimiliki oleh media lain. Selain mampu menampilkan teks, gerak, suara dan gambar, komputer juga dapat digunakan secara interaktif, bukan hanya searah. Bahkan komputer yang disambung dengan cybe rspace dapat memberikan keleluasaan belajar menembus ruang dan waktu serta menyediakan sumber belajar yang hampir tanpa Batas. Realitas empirik selama ini di tingkat persekolahan memperlihatkan, dalam proses pembelajaran IPS, guru IPS kurang optimum baik di dalam memanfaatkan maupun memberdayakan media pembelajaran, karena dalam proses pembelajaran IPS cenderung masih berpusat pada guru ( teacher centered ) , text edition centered, dan monomedia. Adalah tidak dapat dipersalahkan apabila banyak siswa mengganggap proses pembelajaran IPS sebagai sesuatu yang membosankan, monoton, kurang menyenangkan, terlalu banyak hafalan, kurang variatif, dan pelbagai keluhan lainnya. Padahal pendidikan IPS merupakan man-made scientific discipline, karena konsep, generalisasi, dan temuan-temuan penelitian ditentukan atau diobservasi setelah fakta terjadi. Informasi faktual tentang kehidupan sosial atau masalah-masalah kontemporer yang terjadi di masyarakat dapat ditemukan dalam liputan ( exposure ) media massa, karena media massa diyakini dapat menggambarkan realitas sosial dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan. Meskipun untuk itu, informasi atau pesan ( message ) yang ditampilkannya?Xsebagaimana dapat dibaca di surat kabar atau majalah, didengarkan di wireless, dilihat di televisi atau cyberspace telah melalui suatu saringan ( filter ) dan seleksi Dari pengelola media itu untuk berbagai kepentingannya, misalnya: untuk kepentingan bisnis atau ekonomi, kekuasaan atau politik, pembentukan opini publik, hingga pendidikan. Sementara itu, seiring dengan pesatnya perkembangan media informasi dan komunikasi, baik perangkat Keras ( hardware ) maupun perangkat lunak ( package ) , penyampaian pesan/informasi bagi parity siswa dibutuhkan media cyberspace sebagai media pembelajaran siswa agar memudahkan penyampaian materi pelajaran IPS. Siswa dapat memperoleh informasi Dari berbagai sumber informasi, antara lain melalui media massa, siaran televisi dan wireless ( media elektronik ) , surat kabar dan majalah ( media cetak ) , komputer pribadi, cyberspace. Adalah tidak berlebihan kiranya apabila disebutkan bahwa media massa sangat berpengaruh di dalam pendidikan IPS. Hal ini didasarkan pada berbagai temuan penelitian yang menyiratkan, antara lain, bahwa:Media massa, khususnya cyberspace telah begitu memasyarakat ;Media massa berpengaruh terhadap proses sosialisasi ;Orang-orang lebih mengandalkan informasi yang berasal dari mediaMassa daripada Dari Pongo pygmaeus lain ;Para guru IPS perlu memberdayakan media massa sebagai sumberPembelajarannyaPara orang tua dan pendidik, baik secara sendiri-sendiri maupun secara

Marketing Coursework

Marketing Coursework Marketing Coursework Coursework introduction should be based upon the following logic of thoughts and presentation: the rationale of the relevance of the selected marketing coursework topic, the state of scientific development of the topic, the purpose and objectives of the coursework writing, the practical importance of results, novelty, the object and purpose of the study, informational database, research methodology. It is enough to indicate the relevance of the topic, purpose and objectives of the work if you are writing a freshman-level coursework. While the marketing coursework should correspond to the academic level requirements set by your tutor. The first chapter of coursework should be theoretical and methodological. It provides the background of the topic (problem, situation, event, case study), showing the extent of its study based on a review of relevant literature. The first chapter introduces the concept and essence of the phenomenon under study. If necessary, you are welcome to use background and overview tables, graphs and statistical information. As a rule, the first chapter does not exceed 30% of the total coursework. A content of the second and subsequent chapters should be practical. You need to present independent economic, financial, statistical, and conceptual analysis of the gathered materials. Each chapter of your marketing coursework should contain a summary of its content and form a transition to the next one. Marketing coursework conclusion should sum up the whole coursework and show how problems were solved: Coursework writers should be very careful with referencing. All sources used for marketing coursework writing must be properly referenced within the text and at the end of the coursework. Bibliography must be organized in accordance with bibliographic requirements. Coursework Help Remember that your opinion must be reasonable. You have to defend your views by sufficiently convincing evidence while writing a coursework. Marketing coursework should be based on approved facts, pieces of evidence, and statistical data. Possible errors include: Lack of a comparative analysis of different points of view with links to relevant literature; Excessive citing; Lack of practical part and projections on the analysis. Marketing coursework writing is a real challenge for students of all academic levels. is available 24/7 to assist you with coursework writing. While it is a challenge for you, it is a pleasure for us to help you with marketing coursework writing. We cannot earn a diploma for you, while we are able to provide coursework help and assist you with any type of academic writing. Do not hesitate to contact us for more information on our services. We are open for cooperation based on mutual trust and respect. Read more: Computer Essay Writing Editing Paper Editing Tips MBA Essay Editing Essay Editing