Kafka on the Shore Review Essay Example

Kafka on the Shore Review Paper Essay on Kafka on the Shore On the one hand, this book changed my attitude towards Haruki Murakami, on the other all the things that kept me fully imbued with this author, there is also present Fifteen-year boy runs away from home by his father and the Oedipal prophecy.. But the fate did not go away, and away from home Kafka have yet to know the bitterness. In parallel, the strange old man Nakata, remaining after the incident in the distant past empty shell, is looking for cats and meets their higher purpose. History takes place at the intersection of two worlds, the border between them gradually becomes thinner, one reality merges with another. The plot drags, read with great interest the events capture, heroes lines gradually converge, and you expect that here it is isolation But here I was faced with the typical for me when reading Murakami problem there is no decoupling, of course, the story comes to an end, but there is no climax, there is a certain final point. Strings in the end do not converge, some storylines generally remain zybytymi no complete composition. I do not think that the author has something to chew and to explain the reader should perceive myself, I like innuendo, the credibility of the imagination, but the book should be a finished work, but there is much feeling just thrown. We will write a custom essay sample on Kafka on the Shore Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kafka on the Shore Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kafka on the Shore Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, the intricacies of the plot, I feel that is not the point. The main thing the mood. This, you know, the lyrical, penetrating, touched some chord in his soul. Prior to that perceived by Haruki Murakami exclusively as an intellectual fantasy interesting, unusual, basic salt in the eastern mentality of the author and unfamiliar scenery, but, in essence, nothing. But in Kafka on the Shore affected very profound questions of human identity, inner peace, inner struggle. I decided to read more, may find something else of value for themselves.

Chappaquiddick essays

Chappaquiddick essays Chappaquiddick, when will the truth be told? On the night of 18/19 July 1969, twelve people attended a no-spouces party (Meyer Macon Morehouse et al.) on Chappaquiddick, a small island off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Two of the partygoers fell victim to a continuous deception. Mary Jo Kopechne who would have not lost her life but for the inexcusable misconduct of Ted Kennedy. The other partygoer, Senator Ted Kennedy, lost his chance of ever reaching the White House due to his web of lies. Bobby Kennedy's Presidential campaign had been ably assisted by the "Boiler room girls". A team of young women who were completely dedicated to the Kennedy cause. They were: Mary Jo Kopechne, Rosemary Keough, Nance Lyons, Mary Ellen Lyons, Susan Tannenbaum and Ester Newburgh. More than just secretaries, the girls' commitment made their role vital to the campaign. In June of 1968 Bobby was assassinated and grief overwhelmed the Kennedy family and the Boiler room girls. It had not even been five years since the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Almost every summer, members of the Kennedy family had traveled to Martha's Vineyard to participate in the Edgartown regatta. 1968 would to be an exception. Bobby's murder was a massive blow to the family and those close to them, but in particular to Ted. The Boiler room girls switched their attention to closing up Bobby's files and his campaign office. A keen sailor, Ted would participate in the regatta aboard a boat that once belonged to his brother Jack (McGinniss 534). Also participating was Ross Richards a personal friend of Teds (McGinniss 535), later to be an important witness in the Chappaquiddick plot. Robert Kennedy's son, Joe, was also on the island. As a thank-you for all their hard work on Bobby's Presidential campaign, a party had been planned to which the Boiler room girls were invited. (Oppenheimer 375) The party was to be at a cottage, also ...

Comparison of research articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparison of research articles - Essay Example It is therefore important to carry out an analysis that will show the relationship between vaccination and autism. As such, this article examines two articles that tend to explain the existing relationship between autism and vaccination or immunization. According to Doja and Roberts, autism is basically a neuro-developmental disease that is prevalent among young children, involving behavior deficits (2006). As such, it can be identified that autism disorder occurs among small children and could thus cause complications more so in terms of the children’s communication, interests and behaviors. Notably, whereas an autistic child with low functioning could possess below average cognitive ability and have an injurious attitude, an autistic child with high functioning is most likely to possess a high level of cognitive ability, high communication and verbal skills as well as develop strong relationship tie with peers, family and teachers. Essentially, the article by Gerber and Offit points out that in 1998, Wakefield, et al., published a report which aimed at proving that there was an existing positive relationship between measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), and autism (2009). To illustrate, the article states that Wakefield et al. carried a study which showed that several children developed autistic symptoms just one month after being given the MMR vaccine. Comparatively, Doja and Roberts identifies that Wakefield et al.’s study was done on 12 children that had normal development before undergoing MMR vaccination (2006). Thus, this article states that after undergoing the vaccination, the children were observed to have several abnormalities and complications such as abdominal pains, diarrhea, food intolerance as well as bloating. Furthermore, Wakefield stated that the children who undertook the MMR vaccination experienced behavioral difficulties that depicted the existence of autism (qtd. in Gerber & Offit, 2009; Do ja &

Nike Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nike Inc - Essay Example According to the report in terms of behavioral segmentation, the product is target to the loyal customers. The product is priced at $149, which makes the product a luxury product. The product would therefore not greatly appeal to the price sensitive consumers and they may look for the same product offered by cheaper brands. Since the product is more of a luxury than a necessity, the price sensitive consumer would be generally not attracted towards the product.This paper discusses that  product development strategy is best suited. This is because the product is new, with a few modifications from the first generation Fuel Band but the market remains the same. With this product, Nike is and should continue to target its existing consumers which are sports loving people who live and enjoy an active lifestyle. They are mostly high-end sophisticated consumers to frequently and even occasionally consume luxury products such as the Fuel Band.  In terms of the environmental uncertainty Ma trix, the product is positioned as high uncertainty. Products positioned in this area of uncertainty have the following characteristics: dynamic and unpredictable market; involves many components; requires high skills and knowledge.   Since the Nike Fuel Band fits in all these areas, it faces high uncertainty in the market.  In terms of competition, the company faces competition from mainly three other products: Jawbone UP, Fitbit Flex and Basis.... This is because the product is new, with a few modifications from the first generation Fuel Band but the market remains the same (Kelion, 2013). With this product, Nike is and should continue to target its existing consumers which are sports loving people who live and enjoy an active lifestyle. They are mostly high-end sophisticated consumers to frequently and even occasionally consume luxury products such as the Fuel Band (Sherman, 2013). The product, Fuel Band, in this case is a relatively new product. Nike had released the first generation of Fuel Band in the beginning of 2012 but a more modified version was developed in the end of 2012 known as the Nike + Fuelband (Nike Inc., 2012). Environmental Uncertainty In terms of the environmental uncertainty Matrix, the product is positioned as high uncertainty. Products positioned in this area of uncertainty have the following characteristics: dynamic and unpredictable market; involves many components; requires high skills and knowledge. Since the Nike Fuel Band fits in all these areas, it faces high uncertainty in the market (Robbins and Coutler, 2007). Competitor analysis In terms of competition, the company faces competition from mainly three other products: Jawbone UP, Fitbit Flex and Basis. A general comparison of the features of these products is shown below: Feature Fuel Band Jawbone Fitbit Flex Basis Price 149 130 100 200 Battery Time (in Days) 1-4 10 5 4 Compatible Applications 3 10 27 0 Blue Tooth Yes No Yes Yes Water Proof No No No No Water Resistant Yes Yes Yes Yes Unique Features Calories, Time, Steps, Nike Fuel and Daily Progress Vibrating Alarm Vibrating Alarm Pulse, Sweat and Temperature Compatible With iOS and Web iOS and Andriod iOS,

Rule of Law and Separation of Powers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rule of Law and Separation of Powers - Essay Example This notion is referred to as 'separation of powers'. Over the years 'the Rule of Law' has gained many critical acclaims due to the traditional ethical values it uphold in the UK constitution. Those set of values are universally accepted and implemented in most of the European states for the rule does not allow any deviation or updation in the 'written' or 'unwritten' part of the Constitution. 'Separation of powers' the word created by a French thinker 1 is today pursued by the doctrine of the separation of powers (SOP) which suggests that SOP is no less important globally than nationally. This refers to the fundamental commitment to the creation and maintenance of independent judicial bodies to interpret and apply diverse areas of international law is essential to international law's continuing integrity 2. SOP refers to that established constitutional principle that believes and negates the notion that, there must not be any accumulation of too much power in a single entity (one person) or decision-making body, instead the power must be distributed among the three branches of the constitution named the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. In case the power is vested in a single authority, it would lead to inefficiency and corruption 3. Lord Scarman invoked Entick v. ... The King's messengers were liable for trespass in the absence of authority indicating the legality of general warrants of search and seizure: the 'silence of the books' was held to be authority against them. The House of Lords held that a constable could not lawfully require a person to provide a breath specimen, under the Road Traffic Act 1972, section 8, if he were present on that person's property without permission. Police officers had not been acting in the execution of their duty, as was necessary for a valid exercise of the power, because they were trespassers 4. The Rule of Law indicated in this case provides the foundation of constitutional rights. The legality of the issue and execution of general warrants of search and seizure could not be established, and the King's Messengers were therefore liable for trespass. The judges would see if justification were provided by statute or common law: 'If no such excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant 5. McGonnell V. UK McGonnell v UK case depicts the violation in the context of separation of power, which the court found guilty of regarding the lack of prejudice in requirement in Article 6(1). "This was mainly because of the personal relations between the judiciary of the Bailiff of Guernsey and his legislative and executive roles. The Bailiff's overlapping functions meant that he had presided over the Guernsey legislature when it had adopted the Development Plan, which was relevant to the applicant's planning application. The Bailiff's attitude in his judicial capacity made clear to the court the applicant's planning appeal, therefore the Court held this to be in breach

Community Social Work In Modern Society Social Work Essay

Community Social Work In Modern Society Social Work Essay This study is an overview of current government proposals for the Big Society within community social work. In July 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron launched a project called the Big Society. It is considered by Mr Cameron that communities deserve to be empowered to have more of a say in what happens in their local area. The belief is that by doing this, many of the local services provided by the government can be taken over and run by community and voluntary groups, with Mr Cameron describing the project as a big advance for people power (www.bbc.co.uk/news, accessed: 30/10/2010). The theory base of community social work from a historical and modern perspective will be presented and evaluated. The study will provide a literature review of community projects in both neighbouring UK countries and Inner City London; examining their effectiveness in creating community empowerment to enable the possible resolution of social depravation. Particular attention will be paid to the differences that each geographical location possesses in terms of economy, culture and class diversity when considering each project and how this relates to its success. A maximum of four projects will be chosen to compare and evaluate and the study will conclude with lessons learnt for future social work in community work practice with the inclusion of messages from the Social Work Reform Board. The Big Society Debate However, Camerons notion of the Big Society has come under much criticism. The Guardians Jonathan Freedland has written a stinging attack on Mr Camerons proposals and his article posted What is Community Social Work? The idea behind community social work is the belief that peoples problems can be countered by liaising with the people within their social network. This may include friends and relatives, and neighbours. Social workers need to seek and reinforce such support networks for service users and aim to facilitate their growth where it has become apparent that such has lapsed. The work should be seen as both a protective and preventative strategy and is now considered to be the Par excellence of intervention strategy for promoting social inclusion. (Walker and Beckett, 2005, pg93). Therefore, community social work is effectively a method of promoting the social inclusion of individuals and their families by empowering them to seek and create the interventions they require. Walker and Beckett (2005) inform that social work is at the cutting edge of individuals, families or communities attempts to manage life challenges that have been influenced by both economic and social policy, welfare systems and the way they are made up internally. However, there are differing views on the concept of empowering people and using socially inclusive methods within social work. The first view is that the empowerment of service users may be considered to be self-evident if the worker sees the problems people are facing as products of the an unfair economic system that, Disenfranchises the weak, vulnerable, disabled or poor from equal participation and access to the resources produced by society. (Walker and Beckett, 2005, pg93). The aim of social work here would be to attempt to get service users involved and try to empower them to find a way of accessing the services that are available to them. Payne (1995) suggests of this issue that although public policy statements do aim to prove the value of community participation and user empowerment, community work may indeed, Draw attention to inequalities in service provision and in power which lie behind severe deprivation and therefore also become part of the struggles between people in powerless positions against the powerful. (Payne, 1995, pg165-166). The second view on the empowerment of service users is that it can give them (service users) an increased expectation of what can be available to them. It is believed that in this case, social workers may think that the correct thing to do would be to reduce the expectations of service users, forcing them to accept the situations they find themselves in and that they may become socially excluded just because that is the way it is. If this does become the case, social workers may fail to assist in the delivery of services that are available to service users, instead just seeking to help service users to manage with what they believe is available to them. Perhaps the best way to consider empowerment for service users is to use Trevithicks (2000) model of when practising social work you are either (a) doing things to service users, (b) doing things for social workers, or (c) doing things with service users. Community social work first came into being following critiques of community work after identifying that such was considered to be a completely different activity to that of social work. These critiques found that community workers and outreach workers were becoming marginalised from their colleagues within proper social work agencies. In order to prevent this from happening further, there was what was deemed a positive movement to embrace some of the principles and practices of community work within social work. Coulshed and Orme (1998) inform us that although independent community action has continued throughout history by being supported by dedicated community workers, policy developments that incorporated both the language of community and the work involved began to inform the actions of statutory social work as of the late 1970s. Despite this being the case, it is thought that such movements towards community care initiatives were not what social workers had necessarily thought to be correct. The above moves were initiated via the Seebohm Report (1968). An article by Eileen Munro said of the actions brought about by the report, The division between (varying) social work was seen as the problem, so social services departments were created to offer a joined-up service. (www.guardian.co.uk/society, accessed: 9/10/2010). These actions included the creation of social services departments that would have smaller administrative units with area teams serving their own geographical localities. It was believed that such would improve access to service provision for those placed within each locality and a wider sense of identification with the local area for social workers. Decisions could be made dependent on the person and their local need as opposed to the generic, centralised decisions that took place previously. Seebohms report also stated that each area-based organisation should change the relationship that social workers held within the relative catchment areas that the workers were operating. The report said of this that the departments should, Encourage, support and promote voluntary effort and engage in assisting and encouraging the development of community identity. (Seebohm, 1968, paragraph 477). Despite this change in the arrangements for which social services were delivered, Seebohms report did not properly address what it was community workers, or indeed social workers working with communities were actually supposed to be doing. Although the Seebohm report had considered the basic notions of community social working, the terms and principles of such were not defined fully until this was done by the Barclay Committee and published in a report in 1982. This definition was as follows: Community social work is, Formal social work which, starting from the problems affecting an individual or group and the responsibilities and resources of social services departments and voluntary organisations, seeks to tap into, support, enable and underpin the local networks of formal and informal relationships which constitute our basic definition of community, and also the strength of a clients communities of interest. (Barclay, 1982, p xvii). The emphasis on the role of the community within society continued following the Barclay Committees report and re-emerged towards the end of the 1980s. In more recent times, the Griffiths Report of 1998 looked at care in the community and was based around an aim of closer partnerships between statutory services and local communities as part of a larger welfare spectrum. The National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 too pushed towards an emphasis on community work although Adams et al (1998) questions whether the theory was actually put into practice. Adams et al also speculate as to the difficulty that community social work continues to face as a result of continuing changes to social policy. In modern social work, it is considered by Beckett (2006) that it is beneficial to work with groups or families as opposed to working with individuals. Therefore it seems sensible that such an approach would naturally in some respects at least lead towards working within communities. Community social work is generally considered to be a similar activity to that of group work. This is because community work interventions usually involve the worker attempting to encourage the development of groups. However, community work is aimed more along the lines of self-help or social action in consideration of the group work spectrum. Community social work does not allow for the worker to do things for people, be that for individuals or indeed groups, but wishes to promote The development of organised activity by the community itself (Beckett, 2006, pg94) through either the self-creation of resources to meet its needs or even by joining forces to campaign against the authorities for not provid ing the necessary facilities. Henderson (2000, pg72) says of such an approach that At the core of the methods and skills is the idea of organising: helping people to come together to form an autonomous group. The above shows that in this context, the community worker is considered to be something of an enabler rather than the fixer within community projects. Despite this, it is also believed that community workers although being employed by the state and therefore still considered as an outsider within the community with which they are working take on a degree of benevolent paternalism as opposed to developing the necessary collective community action. Popple (1994, pg24) says of this, Historically community work has developed from two distinct roots: benevolent paternalism and collective community action. With the above in mind it is important to remember that the term community is still rather vague. It is borne from the notion that a complete neighbourhood can function as its own entity as opposed to acknowledging that neighbourhoods consist of many differing communities. Individual interest, ethnic communities, geography, familial extensions and workplaces all form part of communities, yet will often extend far beyond the neighbourhood in which they are formed. Community social work is according to Smale et al About the processes the workers engage in, the relationships they make and how they maintain and change them. adding These processes generate the specific aims and objectives of the workers and those they share the work with. (1988, pg23). The most important things that must be recognised by any community worker is the type of community that they are working with or indeed the type of community that they are assisting to help build. Evaluating Community Projects The Study So Far Conclusion

Analysis of Another Day by Paul McCartney Essay -- essays research pap

Paul McCartney’s â€Å"Another Day† is the song i chose to analyze. Within the song there are three main themes I took notice to. The themes I have chosen are discovering self worth, the yearning for varitey and the third theme relates to the previous two in that if a person is lacking meaning then they often become tired and fed up with living. McCartney was able to successfully weave them into each other to effectively tell a story of a life of one women by explaining her daily habits. For the most part these themes are easy to recognize because they are easily relateable in any person’s life. â€Å"Another Day† is about the feeling of boredom with life and the constant struggle to find happiness. The themes of boredom, uselessness and sadness are so common and universal making the song itself timeless. The first theme I took notice to was monotony. This seemed like the most prudent point of the song. â€Å"Every day she takes a morning bath she wets her hair,† is the opening line beginning the song with an immediate sense that it is a routine that this character, which thus far we know only as a female, goes through. The whole first verse is about what she is doing before work. The wording of her actions are very plain making her seem less than enthused to be going through the same thing again. Paul McCartney has this character, â€Å"slipping into stockings...dipping in the pocket of her raincoat.† This imagery brings with it a feeling of her being lackadaisical. The chorus reiterates this theme and the sense of a plodding life with â€Å"Its just another day...Its just another day...Its just another day.† The repetition of these lines is pulling the observer back to the feeling of drabness because of it being so flat in varitey of ... ... but as a person she should find happiness with herself and her own life before trying to merge another life into hers. Understanding her want for another person is not difficult to grasp but it should not be the meaning in life. While she is dwelling on her despondency alone in her apartment, oportunities of contentment are probably passing right by her and this women will be none the wiser until she can find enjoyment on her own. Paul McCartney is depicting a picture of a women who barely drags herself through the work day routine and lives a lonely life of sadness simply waiting for the right man to love her. She has built up in her head that as soon as she finds â€Å"Mister Right† she will be pleased with her life. McCartney does a brilliant job of outlining the struggle of people who attempt to find self worth in the approval and appreciation of other people.

An Analysis of the Urban Issue of Tuberculosisin the Bourough of Newham

1.Introduction Tuberculosis is a very serious infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs, causing cough and breathing difficulties. The infection also causes systemic effects including fever, night sweats and weight loss (Ellner, 2011). In some cases, the infection can spread beyond the lungs and affect the bone/joints, lymph nodes, abdomen and blood stream (Ormerod, 2003). The disease is caused by the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis (WHO, 2014), which is spread through respiratory droplets. These droplets are passed when an infected individual coughs or sneezes and the droplets become inhaled by another person (NHS, 2014). Despite this easy method of transmission, tuberculosis is not readily transmitted, and therefore is most likely to affect those in close contact such as family or household members (Castillo-Chavez & Feng). Tuberculosis represents a significant risk of morbidity and mortality and represents a significant cost to society to treat and manage. Tuberculosis has particul arly shown to be a problem in cities, whereby the rates of increase are greater than those of rural areas (Anderson et al. 2006). This essay will address the reasons as to why tuberculosis affects urban areas (the sick city hypothesis), and look in to why tuberculosis contributes to this urban health penalty. As an exemplar of an urban environment suffering from the burden of tuberculosis, this essay will focus on the London borough of Newham. Newham has a tuberculosis rate 8 times higher than the national average and 3 times that of London. This essay aims to investigate the aetiology behind the incidence, and to find ways of reducing the rates of tuberculosis among individuals in the London borough of Newham. The paper will include the intervention strategies and how they should be implemented in order to reduce the rates of new infections and encourage men to get tested and get early treatment before the spread of infection. 2.Tuberculosis in an Urban Environment Tuberculosis tends to be regarded as a problem of the past, and was responsible for 20-30% of all mortality in 17th-19th century Europe (Dye & Williams, 2010). The incidence of tuberculosis declined throughout the 20th century (Watson & Maguire, 1997), however, the disease has been slowly returning to London since the 1980’s (Great Britain 2008, p. 19). The problem seems to be worsening in urban areas. This is illustrated by the example of London, where 3,302 new cases of tuberculosis (TB) were reported in 2010 (Fullman & Strachan 2013, p. 25), a figure that has more than doubled since 1992 (Anderson et al 2006). In 2006, the incidence of tuberculosis in London was 41.5 people in 100,000, a figure that represented the highest number of new cases in any major city in Western Europe (Anderson et al, 2006). Dyer (2010, p. 34) claims that the London borough of Newham is the most affected with some people already referring to it as the TB capital of the affluent western world. In f act, the rates of tuberculosis in Newham are currently higher than that in some impoverished countries. Vassall (2009, p. 48) suggest that Newham has 108 cases per 100,000 and Anderson et al suggest a 2001 figure of 116/100,000, figures that are more than half that in India (174 cases per 100,000) (Public Health England, 2012). Newham has a population of 308,000 with a population density of 85.1 per hectare as compared to 31 in central London (UK Census, 2012). These figures suggest that even in the populated city of London, Newham is an area of urbanisation, with a large number of people concentrated into a relatively small area. The increase of tuberculosis has been described as a ‘penalty for high density urban living’ (Dye 2010, p.859), likely due to the increased potential for transmission in overcrowding, and the increased rates of immigration to inner-city areas. Bhunu and Mushavabasa (2012) propose that tuberculosis thrives in conditions of overcrowding and poverty, issues that are common in urban areas. The high rates of tuberculosis in cities such as London, and areas of urbanization such as Newham, suggest that the incidence of tuberculosis is indeed an urban issue. Newham fulfills the criteria of high immigration rates and being an area of deprivation.. Newham has a diverse ethnic population, with 61% of the people being non-white (Farrar & Manson 2013, p. 54). The population of ethnic minorities continues to grow along with the increasing numbers of refugees and asylum seekers in greater London. Another aspect of urbanisation illustrated in the borough of Newham is that of deprivation and overcrowding. Farrar & Manson (2013, p. 16) claim that Newham ranks as the third most deprived borough in inner London. Most of the people here live in tower housing and overcrowded conditions that are the perfect condition for the spread of tuberculosis. There is a positive correlation between poor housing and poverty and the prevalence of tuberculosis, which is very clear in Newham as evidenced by the findings of 108 and 116 cases per 100,000 people (Vassal, 2009; Anderson et al., 2001). The aetiology of the issue of tuberculosis is highlighted when considering the distribution of the disease across Newham. The occurrence of disease is not evenly spread across the borough, with 70% of cases coming from Manor Park, Green Street and East Ham. These boroughs represent areas of population increase, overcrowding and higher levels of those living in poverty. Manor Park and Green Street also sho w differing dynamics of tuberculosis incidence, representing an overall increase of 40% since 2006 whilst all other areas of Newham either remained static or showed slight decrease (Malone et al 2009, p. 23). It can be seen that tuberculosis presents a significant urban issue, especially when comparing incidence in an urban area such as Newham to those less urbanised areas. Bromley has a population of 309,000 and a population density of 20 per hectare, in comparison to Newham’s population density of 80 per hectare (UK Census, 2012). Tuberculosis incidence in Bromley is between 0-19 per 100,000 compared to that of Newham, which is five times greater at 80-100 per 100,000 (Anderson et al., 2006). It is for this reason that necessary intervention strategies need to be formulated and implemented to help reduce the rates of tuberculosis among individuals living in Newham. 3. The Influence of Urbanisation on Tuberculosis Incidence While the global rates of tuberculosis are declining, the disease is showing steady increase in the United Kingdom. In 2012, 8751 new cases of the disease were identified in the country with 39% coming from London (Fullman and Strachan 2013, p. 43). Indeed London has the highest rates of the disease in Western Europe with Newham borough having the highest rates in the UK. Jindal (2011, p. 55) claims that the rate of tuberculosis in some London boroughs is more than twice higher than the threshold used by the world health organisation to define high rates. These higher incidences support the notion of a sick city hypothesis where there are greater levels of ill health than in rural areas, and may be due to the presence of factors in an urban environment that contribute to ill health (an urban health penalty). One factor that may contribute to the urban health penalty is that of immigration. Cities are easier to access than rural areas, provide areas of congregation and provide more fa cilities for immigrating families and individuals. The majority of individuals suffering from tuberculosis are people born outside the United Kingdom, with 75% of cases in 2003 being born abroad (Anderson et al., 2006). A reason for the high incidence in those born abroad but now living in the UK is exacerbated by the nature of tuberculosis. On initial infection, tuberculosis is confined by the immune system with only around 5% of cases experiencing symptoms within the first two years of infection (Narasimhan et al., 2013). The remainder of cases harbour a latent infection which may reactivate later in life, with about 10-15% of those infected going on to develop an active disease (Narasimhan et al., 2013). This insidious nature combined with the later activation of the disease explains why many people do not get the disease until later in life. It is likely that it is contracted in their country of birth, however then manifests much later once they have moved to the UK. Statistics indicate that over 90% of the residents in Newham diagnosed with the disease in 2011 were born outside the United Kingdom (Fullman and Strachan, 2013, p. 33). Among these, 50% arrived in the country in the last five years. In the same year tuberculosis diagnosis increased by 25% compared to 2010 (Fullman and Strachan, 2013), possibly as a reflection of the increased immigration. Additionally to a high immigrant population bringing significant disease burden from their countries of birth, London and Newham both represent many of the other issues of urbanisation and urban health penalty that can contribute to the high incidence of tuberculosis. Studies have shown that low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of developing tuberculosis (Campbell and Spector, 2012; Chan, 1999). This is an important association in urban populations, as the living and working conditions foster less access to sunlight (the major source of vitamin D). Additionally, Asian immigrants present a problem of low vitamin D due to vegetarian diets, and a tendency to cover up their skin, not allowing to take advantage of the small amount of sunlight available (Chan, 1999). As previously mentioned, Newham is an area of both high urbanisation and with a large immigrant population, and 38.6% of the population being of Asian descent (London Borough of Newham, 2010). The immigrant population of urban areas such as Newham also present a non-vaccinated proportion of society. Whilst the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis was introduced in the UK in the 1950s and was shown to provide a reduction in risk of contracting tuberculosis (Colditz et al., 1994), those immigrating were less likely to receive this vaccination on moving to the UK. London also represents cases of tuberculosis that are socially and medically complex. As a hugely populated area, London includes those with HIV infection and presents other risk factors such as onward transmission and poor treatment. HIV is one of the m ost powerful risk factors for tuberculosis, with a incidence rate of 20 times higher in those that are HIV positive (Dye and Williams, 2010). People’s attitudes towards and access to healthcare also present a complex mix of factors which contribute to an increased incidence of many health problems, including that of tuberculosis. Those in impoverished areas have reduced access to healthcare, which may stem from many reasons such as complex needs, chaotic lifestyles, location of services, user ignorance, and language and literacy barriers (Szczepura, 2005). These can affect the disease process of tuberculosis from prevention, treatment of active disease, adherence to treatment and prevention of the health consequences. Especially problematic are misconceptions and a lack of understanding of the disease, leading to late presentation and delayed access to treatment (Figuera-Munoz and Ramon-Pardo, 2008) With the close living quarters in areas such as Newham, the spread of tubercu losis is facilitated. With poverty, poor housing and overcrowding, these areas concentrate several risk factors and lead to a greater spread of tuberculosis (Bates et al., 2004). These determinants therefore suggest that the incidence of tuberculosis in urban areas is a complex issue. Controlling and preventing tuberculosis in London requires effective social and economic tools that must be incorporated in the development of policies of control in treatment initiation. 4. Consequences and implications of tuberculosis on the general population Tuberculosis ranks with HIV/ AIDS and Malaria as one of the three main health challenges currently facing the world. The Commonwealth Health Ministers Update 2009 (2009, p. 41) indicates that 8 million new cases are reported globally each year. As previously mentioned, when combined with HIV, tuberculosis can prove lethal as the two diseases enhance the progress of each other. It is for this reason that tuberculosis is the major cause of death among HIV patients with the rate standing at 11% globally. The World Health Organization (2009, p. 27) indicates that tuberculosis is responsible for more deaths today than ever before, with approximately 2 million lives claimed by the disease annually. As well as the significant mortality contributed by tuberculosis, the morbidity of the disease can be extremely detrimental both socially and economically. Those with the active disease that are not receiving treatment have been shown to go on to infect 10-15 others every year (WHO, 1998). Those who do receive treatment face a long (up to six months) and complex treatment regime involving several medication side effects. This can affect adherence to the treatment regime, and lead to the disease developing a resistance to the treatment, with this drug resistant tuberculosis contributing to greater mortality and increased expense to treat (Ahlburg, 2000). As well as the significant morbidity and mortality, it is important to consider the economic impact of tuberculosis. The World Health Organisation estimated the cost to treat tuberculosis in 2000 as $250,000 US dollars (?150,000) in developed countries (Ahlburg, 2000). This presents a significant burden to the UK NHS, not to mention the time lost through not working which can dent the economy. London is a global world trade centre whose economy is shaped by global forces, particularly in terms of trade, labour and capital. As a gateway to both the UK and other parts of Europe and the rest of the world, London records a very large number of tourists and immigrant populations. This high number of people accelerates the spread of the disease as people carry it to the country from other parts of the world is indicated by the new infection patterns and is highlighted by the prevalence in immigrant populations. 5. Strategies and intervention for addressing tuberculosis Current UK guidelines for tuberculosis intervention were made by NICE in 2006 (updated 2011). The recommendations propose strategies for identifying those with latent (non-active) tuberculosis to prevent spread or reactivation and also specify criteria for treatment (NICE, 2011). Those recommended for screening for latent tuberculosis include close contacts of infected individuals, immigrants from high incidence countries, immunocompromised individuals, and healthcare workers. Whilst this strategy targets prevention of the spread of tuberculosis, they are only targeting specific groups, and it is likely in high incidence areas such as Newham, people will slip through the net. These guidelines have only changed minimally since 2006, and since then tuberculosis incidence has been on the increase in areas such as Newham, suggesting that changes may need to be made. High incidence areas of the UK such as Newham could learn from New York experience and copy the strategy it used in dealing with the disease. With the implementation of broadened initial treatment regimes, direct observed therapy, and improved guidelines for hospital control and disease prevention, the city managed to halt the progression of an epidemic (Frieden et al., 1995). As mentioned in the previous chapter, adherence to the lengthy treatment regime as well as a lack of understanding may contribute to the spread of tuberculosis. Directly observed therapy (DOT) involves observing the patient take each dose of their medication, with outreach workers travelling to their homes. Evidence from New York showed that through DOT, only 3% of patients in therapy were infectious, compared to a proposed 20% if not receiving DOT (Frieden et al., 1995). Current UK guidelines (NICE, 2006) do not recommend DOT, although they do state that it may be used in cases of patients with previous issues with adherence or at high risk. Although an expensive and time consuming process, if DOT can reduce infectious cases, thi s would also work as a preventative measure. There could be one allocated outreach nurse for the borough of Newham and other high-risk areas. Another method implemented in New York was the downsizing of large shelters for the homeless. These were breeding grounds for tuberculosis, and the subsequent reduction in overcrowding led to a decrease in transmission of the disease (Frieden et al., 1995). Whilst it is not possible to split people up from living with their families in crowded homes in terms of Newham, education about keeping those with tuberculosis from interacting with too many others in crowded conditions may be of benefit. The model should also borrow from those used by other cities like Paris and the rest of Europe in controlling tuberculosis with intervention at the level of the agent, individual and community levels. In Paris, Rieder (2002) suggested that prophylactic treatment could be used to prevent the disease occurring in those at risk, for example those in the hou sehold of an identified case of tuberculosis. Additionally, Rieder (2002) proposed that early or neonate vaccination be used especially in those in areas where tuberculosis is frequent, rarely diagnosed, and adequate contact examinations rarely feasible. It may be possible that in cases where lots of people are vaccinated that they may infer herd immunity and thus protect unvaccinated individuals from the disease. Once the populations have been protected and the incidence (number of new cases) of tuberculosis has been reduced, this allows for a reduction in the prevalence of tuberculosis (number of ongoing cases at any one point in time) with preventative chemotherapy that can treat sub-clinical, latent tuberculosis in the population. This preventative chemotherapy is likely to be extremely relevant to Newham due to the large immigrant population likely harbouring latent tuberculosis. On a country- or city-wide scale, these recommendations from New York and Paris provide excellent m odels for preventing the increase of tuberculosis any further. It is also important, however, to consider the individual communities in Newham, and to promote health awareness and an attitude towards taking responsibility for their health. Their needs to be an encouragement at the level of primary care where immigrant populations feel that they can approach healthcare, and education to encourage tuberculosis prevention and adherence to treatment. The strategy should be all-inclusive in order to encourage people to not only go for testing but also start and finish the treatment process. 6. Recommendations and conclusion Tuberculosis presents an important urban issue in the area of Newham. Incidence is greater than other areas of the UK, and is over half that of India. There are several factors contributing to this including a large immigrant population, crowding and overpopulation, access to healthcare and comorbid health problems such as vitamin D deficiency and HIV. The disease has considerable effect on morbidity and is responsible for high levels of mortality. Further consequences of the disease manifest as economic problems such as cost of treatment and loss of work. London and the UK already have policies and structures for controlling tuberculosis in place; however the implementation process is patchy across the city, and often dependent upon budget. In high-risk areas such as Newham, there is poor access of healthcare due to inaccurate beliefs on the disease, language and cultural barriers, and complex needs of the population. In the case of tuberculosis, these contribute to poor disease pre vention, delayed diagnosis and poor treatment adherence. All of which lead to an increase in transmission and health consequences. The area of Newham would benefit greatly from further education into tuberculosis, how to look for signs and how to get treatment. Encouraging good relationship with healthcare professionals and promoting access to healthcare through outreach programmes and targeting pharmacies may be helpful. Additionally, Newham should look to employ techniques used in New York and Paris, including DOT, prophylactic treatment and neonate vaccination to reduce both the prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis. References Ahlburg (2000). The economic impact of TB: ministerial conference Amsterdam, WHO Bates, I., Fenton, C., Gruber, J., Lalloo, D., Lara, A. M., Squire, S. B., †¦ and Tolhurst, R. (2004). ‘Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part II: determinants operating at environmental and institutional level’. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 4(6), pp. 368-375. Bhunu, C. P., and Mushayabasa, S. (2012). ‘Assessing the effects of poverty in tuberculosis transmission dynamics’. Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. 36(9), pp. 4173-4185. Campbell, G. R., and Spector, S. A. (2012). ‘Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy’. PLoS pathogens, vol. 8(5). Castillo-Chavez, C., and Feng, Z. (1997). ‘To treat or not to treat: the case of tuberculosis. Journal of mathematical biology’, vol. 35(6), pp. 629-656. Colditz, G. A., Brewer, T. F., Berkey, C. S., Wilson, M. E., Burdick, E., Fineberg, H. V., and Mosteller, F. (1994). ‘Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosismeta-analysis of the published literature’. Jama, vol. 271(9), pp. 698-702. Commonwealth Health Ministers Update 2009. (2009). Commonwealth Secretarial. Dye, C., and Williams, B. G. (2010). ‘The population dynamics and control of tuberculosis’. Science, vol 328(5980), pp. 856-861. Dyer, C. A. (2010). Tuberculosis. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. Ellner JJ. Tuberculosis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman’s Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011: vol332. Farrar, J., & Manson, P. (2013). Manson’s tropical diseases. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Figueroa-Munoz, J. I., & Ramon-Pardo, P. (2008). Tuberculosis control in vulnerable groups. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(9), 733-735. Frieden, T. R., Fujiwara, P. I., Washko, R. M., and Hamburg, M. A. (1995). ‘Tuberculosis in New York City—turning the tide’. New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 333(4), pp. 229-233. Fullman, J., & Strachan, D. (2013). Frommer’s London 2013. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Great Britain. (2008). Diseases know no frontiers: How effective are intergovernmental organisations in controlling their spread; 1st report of session, 2007-08. London: Stationery Office. Jindal, S. K. (2011). Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. London Borough of Newham, (2010). Community Leaders and Engagement, Manor Park Community Forum Profile [Online], Available:http://www.newham.info/research/CFProfiles/ManorPark.pdf [12 April 2014]. Malone, C., Beasley, R. P., Bressler, J., Graviss, E. A., Vernon, S. W., & University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health. (2009). Trends in anti-tuberculosis drug resistan ce from 2003–2007 at Pham Ngoc Thach Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (Masters Abstracts International, 47-5.) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2006) [Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control]. [CG117]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ormerod, L.P. (2003) ‘Nonrespiratory tuberculosis. In Davies PDO (Ed) Clinical Tuberculosis. Third Edition. Arnold: London. pp. 125-153. Public Health England (2012), World Health Organization (WHO) estimates of tuberculosis incidence by rate, 2012 (sorted by rate). [Online] Available at: http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1317140584841 [12 April 2014]. Rieder, H. A. (2002). Interventions for Tuberculosis Control, 1st edn. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France. Szczepura, A. (2005). ‘Access to health care for ethnic minority populations’. Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 81(953), pp. 141-147. Vassall, A., & University of Amsterdam. (2009). The Costs and cost-effectiveness of tuberculosis control. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Watson, J. M., and Maguire. H.C (1997). ‘PHLS work on the surveillance and epidemiology of tuberculosis.’ Communicable disease report. CDR review 7.8, pp. R110-2. World Health Organization. (2009). Global tuberculosis control: Epidemiology, strategy, financing : WHO report 2009. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organisation (2014). Tuberculosis. [Online], Available: http://www.who.int/topics/tuberculosis/en/ [12 April 2014] UK Census (2012), UK Census Data, [Online]. http://www.ukcensusdata.com/newham-e09000025#sthash.51Phmj6a.dpbs [12 April 2014]

Grandparents Essay Example

Grandparents Essay Example Grandparents Essay Grandparents Essay All five of us walk up to the door take our shoes off, making sure we have our clean socks on. We tiptoe through the beautiful brick house, trying not to ruin the surprise. Through the washing room, through the hallway, and through the kitchen we go to find grandma drinking her cup of coffee, and grandpa reading his newspaper out loud for grandma to hear. They Jump out of their chairs thrilled to see us. They hug each one of us and give us bunches of kisses. No matter how old my great grandfather gets, he still feels eke he has to pick me up even though I insist that he stop. We all go in the living room and sit in our usual spots me, and my little brother on the floor where grandma has set two pillows especially Just for us down there. My mom, dad, and older brother sit on the couch, facing the grandparents. Grandma always sets a big bucket of candy by the fireplace for us. For the first few hours that we are there, we all Just sit around and talk about what has been going on in life since the last time we were there. : For nineteen years now, we go and visit the grandparents about two to three times a year. Each time never telling them when we are coming, we Just surprise them every time; they get a kick out of it. We wish we could see them more often, but with our very busy schedules it makes it difficult. We have tried to get them to Rockford right next door to us, which is about three hours where they live now, so we can help them and take care of them. But they insist that it would be too much of a hassle to find new doctors because grandma is very picky on who she and grandpa see. It took them years to get the doctors they have now. Grandma has back problems, gets migraines, and takes every pill in the book. She has had breast cancer and fought through it very well. Grandpa is a strong ole guy and fights through his pains like a champ and never complains. While trying to please my grandma by cutting this branch that was annoying her, he fell off of a ten foot ladder onto concrete having a rock embedded into his elbow. Let me remind you this is an eighty- five year old. Since my grandma is too scared to drive, he had to drive himself to the emergency room himself. He had the rock removed and had to get four stitches. He got back up on his feet and drove back home to grandma. He takes care of my grandmother the majority of the time. He does all the grocery shopping and pays all the bills. He is my hero; I always look up to him. When the clock strikes llama, all of us kids Jump up to go put our bathing suits on and get ready to get in the grandparents outstanding pool. While we swim, we are surrounded by a lot of big beautiful trees blooming with white flowers, wonderfully bloomed flower beds, and little deer, gnome, and turtle figurines all around. The medium sized waterfall makes the swim so much more relaxing. While we swim our parents and grandparents sit here on the porch swing chit chatting away about life and such. After we are all done splash splashing around in the pool we go and Join the parents until we are all dried off then we all go in and take our little thirty minute nap. Then we all meet back to all go out to eat at nice fancy restaurants, but since my grandmother has gotten older and doesnt really like to leave where she feels safe and comfortable, we Just stay in and order pizza. This is perfectly fine with all of us. When the pizza has arrived we all throw the grub on to see who can eat the most slices and of course my rooters always win. After lunch is story time, my favorite time of the day, we all circle up in the living room. Us kids all tell a story about a sports game we played, or just something interesting for the grandparents to listen to. Then the grandparents tell their wonderful stories from back when they were younger. Grandma has some trouble remembering what stories she has told us and what she hasnt told us. But we dont mind at all because there is this story that she is very proud of that she always seems to tell sometimes we even ask her to tell us it again even though we now the story by heart. The story is about when she was a young girl, and her family decided to go on a hiking trip in Idaho Falls. As they were getting all the supplies ready for their trip, my grandmother came across this rope and insisted that she bring this three foot rope. Her father told her No its Just extra baggage that we dont need, but she wouldnt take no for an answer. After her begging and begging to bring that darn rope along, he finally gave in and said, If you want to take it then youll have to carry it yourself. For some reason her gut was telling her to bring it long, so she wrapped it around her shoulder and took the rope along with her. Along the trip, her little sister was acting careless, and fell down the side of a cliff. Grandmas dad looked at her and said Throw me that rope. So my grandma did as she was told and passed along the rope. Her dad wrapped the rope around the only tree up there. He threw the rope to the bottom where her little sister was and he climbed down the rope, threw her little sister on his back and climbed back up saving his little girls life. In the end, neither she nor her father regretted her bringing that pop. My Grandpa has his wonderful stories also. I love when he tells the stories about when he was in Spain with his daughters. Always driving around in his big black truck with the windows down, every Tuesday was their fun day. They would all wake up around seven in the morning and cook eggs, bacon, and pancakes. Then they would all get into grandpas big awesome truck and drive down to their all-time favorite park. They would play hide-and-seek until lunch time. They would then go to deli for lunch and back home to play board games to end off the night. The day his gutters would always talk about were Tuesday and being with their daddy. My grandparents always have the best stories, and they love to tell their stories to us and whoever else would like to listen. Some of their stories make me realize that I really dont have it as bad as I think. They lived with no television, no electronics, and no cell phones. I cannot imagine how I would survive back then knowing all the good stuff we have now a day. Their stories will always have an impact on my life and I will tell their stories to my children and grandchildren. Their stories will forever live even when they are forever gone. After story time comes the hardest time of the day, the goodbyes. My grandma always starts crying she is always saying, This may be the about it and say, Oh grandma we will see you next time. We go back through the kitchen, through the hallway, and out to the garage to put our shoes on. We give last kisses and hugs and say the farewells. Then back into the car and down the driveway, honk honk honk is how we say our final goodbyes to the grandparents and San Antonio until next time. We make our way through the much crowed neighborhood of very nice houses. And on the way back to Rockford we go.

Public Nudity Essays - Nudity, Public Nudity, Civil Disobedience

Public Nudity Essays - Nudity, Public Nudity, Civil Disobedience Public Nudity Recently, people have showed concern about the fact that women are allowed to roam around topless in the streets of Toronto, and there is no question that some people find public nudity offensive. However, whether people should be offended is debatable; their reaction is often closer to confusion or embarrassment. The human body deserves to be shown and respected both for its beauty and its so-called imperfections. In the appropriate places and situations, public nudity can be comfortable, healthy and can ultimately break social barriers, which hinder communication between people. There are appropriate times and places for anyone who would like to roam around nude. Exposing oneself in the city might not be a good idea. It could lead to sexual harassment or legal consequences. But what is wrong with people expressing themselves at a local park, beach or on their own front lawn? Anyone who has spent any amount of time in ill-fitting, uncomfortable clothing knows how good it feels when clothing is not being worn. Clothing is, by nature, something foreign to the body, and its presence is always known to the wearer. Clothing does have some practical uses. It keeps us warm from the harsh conditions of the environment and protects us when doing dangerous work. Clothes do not exist to hide our bodies. There is a tremendous feeling of freedom when nude. Once you have been swimming nude, you'll never understand why anyone would ever want to wear clothes in the water. Medical research has shown that clothing can be unhealthy in certain situations. For example, evidence supports the hypothesis that wet, clingy swimsuits can constrict the flow of bodily fluids. Eliminate the swimsuit, and you've eliminated that problem. Furthermore, it is beneficial to ones mental health to be expressive. In a free society, people should be free to express themselves and do what they want as long as their freedom doesnt impede the freedom of others, endanger them, or remove their fundamental rights. Nudity breaks a lot of social barriers that have hindered communication between people, because there are no Armani suits, no gang colors, no uniforms, or social trends to define ones social status. Present Canadian law indicates that it is not an offence to be nude on an isolated beach. Yet, this suggests that when nude, a person is no longer fit to be seen, and should be separated from others. Surely, this is a prejudicial point of view. Nudity also takes away the artificial inhibitions that society has forced upon us when we were born. If you think about it, the parts that we cover are arbitrary. It has been suggested that we cover the genital area because of its sexual nature. In fact, an equally sexual body part is the lips. Nevertheless, people walk around exposing their lips without causing mass arousal. Many people find public nudity offensive. Too much emphasis is put on the perfect body by a clothing-obsessed society. Most people know that almost no one has a perfect body, and that beauty can be found in bodies of all shapes, sizes, colors, and ages many of them with the scars of life. Nudity is the means to the goal of body acceptance. When nude, the full beauty of the human body is exposed, creating pride in what you've got and reducing the desire for what you havent got. Public nudity can be appealing to some people but not for others. People have to start to realize that we are all naked underneath and there is no shame in that. Whether nudity can break some of the social barriers or not, it all comes down to this; being nude is comfortable, healthy and most of all, its fun!

Sustainability and Innovation Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainability and Innovation Paper - Assignment Example There are different sources of innovation depending on the area where the innovations are to occur. The main innovation source is change in structure where things in an organization or company will be organized and formulated in a new way. Innovations can also arise from experimentations (Rolf, 2008, p.21). This involves some empirical processes that are crucial for designing the innovation. Innovation occurs in different sectors and one of the crucial ones where it has and will continue to take place is in the construction industry. There are different types of innovations that have occurred in the construction industry ranging from the materials used to do the innovations to the methods used to do the same. In the past the topic had been ignored but from some years ago people have realized the roles that the sector plays and why changes have to be made accordingly. This is a topic that has been taken with much weight by engineers from different corners of the world. The innovations are mainly done for various reasons; (i) To reduce hazards and risks in the construction sites during the process and after the process. (ii) To reduce expenses that are incurred in coming up with complete constructions. This will mean innovating in new materials to be used in the construction processes. ... The main one that is a threat to the present generations and future generations is global warming (Elzen, Geels and Green, 2004, p.18). This is changing the environment at an alarming rate and some scientists have predicted that the situation in some areas is likely to be beyond control unless necessary measures are put in place promptly to rescue such. In United Kingdom the matter has been taken with much weight since they have recognized that the different personnel that are involved in the construction activities have slowed and even ignored preserving the environment through the different activities they undertake (Horbach, 2005, p.41). This is more in the construction industry with much force been on the small contractors. For innovations to be said to be successful, they must satisfy the needs of all stakeholders. The innovation involves a process that is arranged in a sequential manner. The first one is research that is carried out by experts in that field. After research ther e is discovery that results from the research carried out. After discovery there is development followed by patenting & approval. This is then followed by production, marketing and then lastly adoption (Fisk 2010, p.39). Innovations can be stimulated or caused by external forces or internal forces in an organization. The external forces that are likely to pressurize innovations are globalization of markets, social change, government deregulation, fragmentation of markets, and emergence of new technologies. Internal forces that can pressurize innovations in an organization are profitability, core competencies, and high-quality employees (Heinelt & Smith, 2003, p.43). Sustainable development Sustainable development is a wide concept that is minimized in definition to mean

Punic war and its influence on roman domination of mediterranean Essay

Punic war and its influence on roman domination of mediterranean - Essay Example The Romans developed a system of written communication and numbers that are still in use today and, with this ability to record information, were also able to develop elaborate feats of technology. They introduced the concept of civil engineering and developed many new forms of architectural design such as the Roman arch. They were able to exert this type of long-range influence thanks largely to their successes experienced during the Punic Wars. To understand the tremendous influence the Romans were able to garner out of these victories, it is necessary to have some background into the three wars that are collectively referred to as the Punic Wars, the reach of this influence and the way in which this influence managed to dominate the thinking and culture of what has become known as the ‘Western’ world. The first Punic War was fought on the island of Sicily in 264 BC (Hooker, 1996). However, the beginning of the war seems somewhat confused. â€Å"Carthage occupied the Sicilian town of Massana in 264 BC, after the Mamertines, a group of mercenaries, appealed to Carthage for help against Hiero II, king of Syracuse (a Sicilian city-state). This concerned Rome, since Massana is in the northeast corner of Sicili, very near the Greek towns of Italy which fell under Roman protection. Once the problem with Heiro II was solved, the Mamertines appealed to Rome for aid in fighting off the Carthaginians† (Stackhouse, 2007). While Carthage looked forward to winning a new port placed in an ideal position for achieving domination over the entire Mediterranean, Rome felt winning the city would provide them with a strong location for land defense. â€Å"Although the two powers had no quarrel before, they also had no shared racial or cultural heritage† (Stackhouse, 2007). With Rome bes ieging the cities, Carthage opted to break